Table 2 Analysis summary on stress and performance variables comparing ‘hot-seat’ (n = 18) and ‘observer’ (n = 19) study groups
| Stress variable | Role | Session |
ANOVA p valuesa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
| LS mean change from baseline, (95% CI), median | |||||
| Salivary cortisol (μg/dL) | Hot-seat |
0.12*b
(0.05, 0.19) 0.05 |
0.07* (0.001, 0.15) 0.03 |
0.09* (0.01, 0.16) 0.05 |
0.608 0.311e |
| Observers |
−0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) −0.02 |
0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) −0.01 |
0.14** (0.07, 0.22) 0.15 |
<0.001**d
0.008**e | |
| Difference |
0.18**c
(0.08, 0.29) |
0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) |
−0.06 (−0.16, 0.04) | ||
| H-L location shift (95% CI) |
0.09** (0.02, 0.26) |
0.04 (−0.01, 0.11) |
−0.06 (−0.16, 0.04) | ||
| LS mean change from baseline, (95% CI) | |||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | Hot-seat |
6.4* (1.2, 12) |
5.4* (0.2, 10.7) |
4.7 (−0.5, 9.9) | 0.902 |
| Observers |
−0.4 (−4.7, 3.8) |
−0.4 (−4.7, 3.8) |
5.7* (1.4, 9.9) | 0.071 | |
| Difference |
6.8* (0.2, 13.5) |
5.9 (−0.8, 12.5) |
−1.0 (−7.6, 5.7) | ||
| LS mean, (95% CI), median | |||||
| mDASS | Hot-seat |
17.6 (12.4, 22.7) 16 |
15.4 (10.2, 20.5) 13 |
14.4 (9.2, 19.6) 14.5 |
0.676 0.666e |
| Observers |
9.0 (4.9, 13.1) 6 |
5.9 (1.9, 10.0) 5 |
13.4 (9.3, 17.4) 11 |
0.042*f
0.001**e | |
| Difference |
8.6* (2.0, 15.1) |
9.4** (2.9, 16.0) |
1.0 (−5.5, 7.5) | ||
| H-L location shift (95% CI) |
8.0* (2, 15) |
8.0** (2, 15) |
1.0 (−5, 9) | ||
| LS mean, (95% CI) | |||||
| ANTS | Hot-seat |
36.7 (34.6, 38.9) |
39.6 (37.5, 41.7) |
40.0 (37.9, 42.1) | 0.036* |
| Observers |
39.4 (37.4, 41.5) | ||||
| Difference |
0.6 (−2.4, 3.5) | ||||