Table 2 Mechanisms to undertake a learning needs analysis

• Interviews, group discussions or focus groups

• Surveys: participant and patient

• Participant reflections, for example from portfolio entries and logbook

• Self-assessment or peer assessment against established standards

• Peer review and observation (including using simulation)

• Themes from audit or research reports

• Relevant publications—for example, from professional bodies, government and departmental reports

• Critical incident review and safety reports

• Review of relevant curriculum and Delphi assessment to identify specific needs of a procedure