Table 1 Summary of challenges, strategies and gaps identified by the literature search

The Debriefer [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]

• Larger group of debriefers

• Lead debriefer

• Having more than one debriefer

• What are the challenges of having more than one debriefer?

• Is there benefit to having an interprofessional debriefing team?

• Why does the number or profession of debriefers make a difference?

• What other strategies can help with this larger group of debriefers?

Method of Debriefing [9, 21, 27,28,29,30,31,32]

• Multiple debriefing tools

• Interprofessional learners

• Having learner centred group discussion as main style of debriefing rather than direct feedback from debriefer(s)

• Should we be advising a specific debriefing tool for IPS?

• Is it more challenging to stimulate group discussion with an interprofessional group of learners?

The Learners [21, 28, 33,34,35]

• Potentially having larger groups of learners in IPS

• Having a debriefing structure

• Are there larger groups of learners in IPS usually?

• How do we ensure ‘interprofessional learning outcomes’ are met as well as the individual learner’s needs?

Psychological Safety [21, 25, 28, 30, 31, 36]

• Psychological safety of learners

• Hierarchy

• Possibly having multiple debriefers

• Does having more debriefers increase the psychological safety of learners?

• Are debriefers aware of the problems relating to hierarchy in IPS?