Table 2 Categories, indicators and illustrative quotations for social presence
Categories | Indicators | Example quotation |
|---|---|---|
Open communication | Risk free expression | 1. “Doctors should communicate with nurses with respect.” M5 |
2. “We are able to learn how to work with our colleagues, know that everyone is equally important despite their rank and to speak up even in front of seniors.” N11 | ||
Flattening traditional hierarchical communication | 3. “In some places there is no communication between nurses and doctors. Because of this patient outcomes suffer. It is good to conduct workshops together and learn how to share our experience with doctors” M51 | |
4. “An inter-professional workshop like this helps us to know the importance of each team member irrespective of qualification. Doctors and nurses work together and this helps everyone speak up despite their rank” N21 | ||
Affective expression | Emotions | 5. “Performing procedures in an emergency in real life is scary” M52 |
6. “I felt scared and panicky at the start” N1 | ||
Staying calm | 7. “I learned how to control my fear and stay calm on the outside” M13 | |
8. “Staying calm is an important leadership quality. When the leader is calm and confident, everyone else also feels confident” N21 | ||
Communicating emotional response | 9. “When there is an emergency, I get very nervous and make mistakes. I should let my team know this so that they can help me do my job better” M48 | |
10. “I have learned from this workshop how to communicate with my team when I am unsure of what to do” N44 | ||
Group cohesion | Encourage collaboration | 11. “Everyone involved has a role to play and it is important to merge different ideas and cooperate with each other.” M33 |
12. “In any emergency, it is important that skilled people from multiple professions work together to coordinate all the tasks.” N18 | ||
Valuing collective effort over individual “heroism” | 13. “Teamwork is important to achieve good outcomes. One person can’t do all the work at the same time” M27 | |
14. “Doctors, nurses and other staff make one big team. Without any one of them the structure would weaken as they are all pillars which uphold good patient care” N6 | ||
15. “Saving a life is not a job anyone can do single-handedly” N33 | ||
Team preparedness | 16. “Planning and preparing before carrying out any procedure and appointing people best suited for specific tasks is the first priority” M10 | |
17. “Simulation is the best way I have learnt to recognise all team members are adequately prepared for all possible emergencies” N82 | ||
Team culture/relationships | 18. “This (workshop) will help me improve my interpersonal skills. This will help in forming trusting relationships” M4 | |
19. “Doing this workshop helps form a bond between medical and nursing staff. Trusting your teammates is important” N67 |