Table 1 Adapting the difficult debriefing toolbox for clinical use (adapted from [71])
Strategy | Definition | Objective | Phrase I used |
|---|---|---|---|
Naming the dynamic | Drawing out a ‘hot topic’ by explicitly naming it | Focus discussion on ‘hot topic’ | ‘I sense some anger, is there anything contributing to this that I can help with?’ |
Validation | Acknowledging that patients’ feelings, behaviours or thoughts are acceptable | Reaffirming patients’ perspective | ‘You’re right, waiting is frustrating, especially when you’re in pain.’ |
Paraphrasing | Restating something in your own words | Clarify understanding | ‘If I’ve understood correctly, you’re upset because being here in hospital has reminded you of anxiety-provoking experiences from the past?’ |
Normalisation | Relating behaviours, feelings or attitudes to a societal norm | Build trust, calm fear, defuse emotions | ‘It’s understandable for you to feel anxious in the emergency department. I’m sure other patients share these feelings tonight; it is busy and noisy.’ |
Previewing | Introducing a new topic to discuss | Focus patients on a topic of conversation | ‘Why don’t we switch gears and discuss how best to treat your injuries so we can get you home sooner.’ |