Table 1 Labor and maternal characteristics of live births and fresh stillbirths (n=10,481). Values are given as mean± SD or percentage (number)

Months (n)

12

13

11

Births (n)

3572

4003

2 906

Admission from the health center

3.9 (140)

5.6 (226)

5.9 (171)

<0.001^a

<0.001^a

<0.001^a

0.675^a

Mother had no formal education^b

9.3 (196)

8.2 (328)

6.3 (184)

<0.001^a

0.140^a

<0.001^a

<0.004^a

Maternal age^b

26.2 ±6.9

26.1 ±6.7

26.1 ±6.8

0.835^c

No antenatal care

0.9 (33)

0.9 (35)

1.0 (28)

0.928^a

Antenatal problem

1.5 (52)

2.0 (79)

2.3 (67)

0.039^a

0.084^a

0.011^a

0.343^a

Cervical dilatation on admission (cm)

5.7 ±2.5

5.6 ±2.6

5.8 ±2.6

0.009^c

0.897^d

0.009^d

0.005^d

10-cm cervical dilation on admission

6.7 (212)

7.4 (262)

8.5 (212)

0.044^a

0.263^a

0.013^a

0.135^a

Hours in labor before admission (h:min)

5:08 ±2:29

4:28 ±2:32

4:44 ±2:15

<0.001^c

<0.001^d

<0.001^d

0.004^d

Fetal heart rate on admission

0.001^a

0.001^a

0.006^a

0.744^a

 Normal (120–160 bpm)

91.7 (3274)

93.1 (3724)

93.2 (2709)

 Abnormal (<120 or >160)

1.0 (37)

1.2 (49)

1.3 (38)

 Not detectable

0.5 (19)

0.9 (37)

0.7 (20)

 Not measured

6.7 (241)

4.8 (192)

4.8 (139)

Fetal heart rate during labor

<0.001^a

<0.001^a

<0.001^a

0.022^e

 Normal (120–160 bpm)

82.6 (2952)

85.5 (3423)

85.5 (2486)

 Abnormal (<120 or >160)

5.3 (190)

7.3 (291)

8.7 (252)

 Not detectable

0.5 (19)

1.0 (40)

0.7 (20)

 Not measured

11.5 (411)

6.2 (248)

5.1 (148)

Final fetal heart rate before delivery

134.0 ±14.0

132.9 ±17.3

132.5 ±17.3

0.075^c

Mode of delivery

0.020^a

0.181^a

0.222^a

0.010^a

 Spontaneous vaginal delivery

75.3 (2690)

75.8 (3035)

75.0 (2179)

 Cesarian delivery

23.8 (851)

23.0 (922)

23.7 (690)

 Assisted breech delivery

0.6 (22)

0.5 (22)

1.1 (31)

 Vacuum extraction

0.3 (9)

0.6 (23)

0.2 (5)

 Others

0.0 (0)

0.0 (1)

0.0 (1)

Singleton/multiple

0.353^a

 Singleton

96.0 (3428)

96.1 (3847)

96.6 (2808)

 Multiple

4.0 (144)

3.9 (56)

3.4 (98)

Labor complications^f

2.4 (85)

2.3 (94)

2.7 (78)

0.634^a

 Uterine rupture

0.2 (6)

0.1 (5)

0.1 (3)

0.763^a

 Pre-eclampsia

0.5 (17)

0.6 (25)

0.6 (16)

0.686^a

 Eclampsia

0.3 (9)

0.2 (7)

0.5 (14)

0.056^a

 Cord prolapse

0.8 (25)

0.7 (29)

0.6 (16)

0.653^a

 Prepartum bleeding

0.7 (23)

0.8 (31)

1.0 (28)

0.348^a

 Shoulder dystocia

0.2 (7)

0.0 (1)

0.1 (3)

0.062^g