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Table 1 Technical analysis CVS model

From: Building low-cost simulators for invasive ultrasound-guided procedures using the V-model

Unit

Physical resemblance

(tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory features)

Functional task alignment

Fetus

Some resemblance of a fetus, no heartbeat necessary

High echogenicity

Enhance learner engagement specifically for full procedure assessment where “check for fetal heartbeat” is an item

Amniotic cavity

Resemblance of an amniotic cavity

Low echogenicity

Enhance learner engagement specifically for using safe procedural technique (i.e., avoid perforation)

Placenta

Moderate-high echogenicity

Moderate-high resemblance of a placenta on ultrasound output

Aspiration sample corresponding to real sample in terms of quantity

Provide a fixed target to aim that allow for needle-tracking and training or performance of safe procedural technique

Context variation by changing the location (anterior/posterior/side-wall placenta)

Top layer

Nontransparent

Skin surface not essential

Defined ribs and hips

Trackable needle with ultrasound

Surface allow for many different probe-movements

Acceptable surface resistance for US-probe

Acceptable resistance during needle insertion

Changeable thickness

To afford different probe-movements and probe-pressures to obtain the optimal view of the placenta

Base

Provide a frame around the model

Define the anatomical limits in terms of hips and ribs

Body (supplementary)

Some resemblance of hips and thorax

Provide anatomical clues and enhance learner engagement

Define the upper and lower part of the model

Allow for sterile dressing