From: Building low-cost simulators for invasive ultrasound-guided procedures using the V-model
Unit | Physical resemblance (tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory features) | Functional task alignment |
---|---|---|
Fetus | Some resemblance of a fetus, no heartbeat necessary High echogenicity | Enhance learner engagement specifically for full procedure assessment where “check for fetal heartbeat” is an item |
Amniotic cavity | Resemblance of an amniotic cavity Low echogenicity | Enhance learner engagement specifically for using safe procedural technique (i.e., avoid perforation) |
Placenta | Moderate-high echogenicity Moderate-high resemblance of a placenta on ultrasound output Aspiration sample corresponding to real sample in terms of quantity | Provide a fixed target to aim that allow for needle-tracking and training or performance of safe procedural technique Context variation by changing the location (anterior/posterior/side-wall placenta) |
Top layer | Nontransparent Skin surface not essential Defined ribs and hips Trackable needle with ultrasound Surface allow for many different probe-movements Acceptable surface resistance for US-probe Acceptable resistance during needle insertion Changeable thickness | To afford different probe-movements and probe-pressures to obtain the optimal view of the placenta |
Base | Provide a frame around the model | Define the anatomical limits in terms of hips and ribs |
Body (supplementary) | Some resemblance of hips and thorax | Provide anatomical clues and enhance learner engagement Define the upper and lower part of the model Allow for sterile dressing |