Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Population

Clinicians and students of any health profession

Non health professionals

Intervention

Undergoing a mannequin or simulated patient based learning experience and

Computer based, skill or part-task trainers, virtual reality, or cadaveric simulation/simulators.

• Examines the role of the observer

• Has an observer role defined as a learner within a scenario not in a clinically congruent role or

• Has an observer role external to scenario participant roles

• Studies which do not explicitly examine the observer role.

• Observers who are not participating in the learning, for example observers for the purpose of research study.

• Expert modelling for learning

Outcome measures

• A direct or indirect change in knowledge, skills, attitudes or behaviours

• Description of behaviours without consideration of any changes in learner behaviour

Citations

Peer reviewed papers in the english language from 1980 to October 4^th 2014.

• Non peer reviewed publications e.g thesis or reports

• Descriptive papers

• Published texts or books