#* | Country | Study type | Cohort size | Cohort discipline | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome assessed | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive skills | ||||||||
1 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 85 | Medicine | 4-h workshop using SPs | Non-participants | Diagnosing domestic violence | Better performance |
2 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 263 | Medicine | Curriculum involving SPs | Non-participants | Pain assessment and management skills | Better performance |
3 | Belgium | RCT (3-factor) | 196 | Medicine | Training session with SPs | Training with physicians or online training | Cognitive component of consultation skills | No improvement (cf. improvement in comparison group) |
4 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 72 | Occupational therapy & physiotherapy | Interaction with SPs | Watching videotapes | Treatment planning | Worse performance |
Non-technical skills | ||||||||
5 | U.S. | Longitudinal | 143 | Dentistry | Training session with SPs | - | Interpersonal communication skills | Improvement of performance |
6 | Turkey | Longitudinal | 146 | Medicine | Training session involving SPs | - | Breaking bad news | Improvement of performance |
7 | U.S. | Longitudinal | 45 | Medicine | 2-h curriculum by SPs | - | Brief motivational interviewing skills | Improvement of performance |
8 | U.S. | Longitudinal | 127 | Pharmacy | Lecture-laboratory course with SPs | - | Communication skills | Improvement of performance |
9 | Germany | Cross-sectional | 286 | Medicine | 2-h communication skills training session with SPs | Non-participants | Communication skills | Better performance |
10 | Germany | Cross-sectional | 103 | Medicine | Training session with SPs | Non-participants | Communication skills | Better performance |
11 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 38 | Medicine | 1-h session with SP | Non-participants | Breaking bad news | Better performance |
12 | U.S. | RCT | 186 | Medicine | 4-h workshop using SPs | Non-participants | Interviewing and counselling skills | Better performance |
13 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 106 | Medicine | Educational session involving SPs | Non-participants | Communication skills | Better performance |
14 | India | RCT | 60 | Dentistry | Training course involving SPs | Non-participants | Communication skills | Better performance |
15 | U.K. | RCT | 24 | Medicine | Hybrid simulation session with SPs | Small group tutorial | Communication skills | Better performance |
16 | Canada | RCT | 32 | Medicine | SP-session with feedback | SP-session without feedback | Communication skills | Better performance |
17 | U.S. | RCT | 129 | Nursing | Additional teaching sessions with SPs | Didactic lectures only | Interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills | No difference |
18 | Taiwan | RCT | 26 | Nursing | Instructional class with additional SP feedback and group discussion | Instructional class only | Communication skills | No difference |
19 | U.S. | RCT | 93 | Medicine | Role-play session with SPs | Session with student colleagues | Motivational interviewing skills | No difference |
20 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 72 | Medicine | Practising with SPs | Role-playing with student colleagues | Smoking-cessation counselling skills | No difference |
Cognitive and non-technical skills | ||||||||
21 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 85 | Medicine | 4-h workshop using SPs | Non-participants | Sexual history and HIV counselling skills | Better performance |
22 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 183 | Medicine | Workshop involving SPs | Non-participants | History taking and counselling skills | Better performance |
Technical skills | ||||||||
23 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 95 | Medicine | Additional training session with SP | No additional session | Breast examination skills | Better performance |
24 | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 102 | Medicine | Training session with SP in a new curriculum | Non-participants | Urological and gynaecological examination skills | Better performance |
25 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 89 | Medicine | Additional teaching with SPs | Traditional teaching only | Breast and abdominal examination skills | Better performance |
26 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 187 | Medicine | Curriculum with additional SP session | Standard curriculum only | Neurological examination skills | Better performance |
27 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 244 | Medicine | Teaching session with SPs | Breast-palpation simulator | Breast examination skills | Worse performance |
Technical and cognitive skills | ||||||||
28 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 108 | Nursing | Practice with SPs | Practice on student colleagues | History taking and examination skills | Better performance |
29 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 204 | Medicine | Lecture with additional SP exercises | Lecture only | History taking and examination skills | Better performance |
Technical and non-technical skills | ||||||||
30 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 82 | Medicine | 2-h teaching session by SP | Physician-led teaching | Interpersonal and musculoskeletal examination skills | No difference |
Cognitive, technical and non-technical skills | ||||||||
31 | U.S. | Longitudinal | 622 | Medicine | Curriculum involving SPs | - | History taking, communication and examination skills | Improvement of performance |
32 | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 170 | Medicine | Training session with SPs | Non-participants | Information gathering, communication and examination skills | Better performance |
33 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 44 | Nursing | Training session with SPs | Human simulators or community volunteers | History taking, communication and examination skills | Worse performance |